Molecular Formula | Y |
Molar Mass | 88.91 |
Density | 4.469 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.) |
Melting Point | 1522 °C (lit.) |
Boling Point | 3338 °C (lit.) |
Flash Point | 470℃ |
Water Solubility | Insoluble in water |
Appearance | powder |
Specific Gravity | 4.47 |
Color | Gray |
Exposure Limit | ACGIH: TWA 2 ppm; STEL 4 ppmOSHA: TWA 2 ppm(5 mg/m3)NIOSH: IDLH 25 ppm; TWA 2 ppm(5 mg/m3); STEL 4 ppm(10 mg/m3) |
Merck | 13,10161 |
Storage Condition | Flammables area |
Stability | Stable. |
Sensitive | air sensitive, moisture sensitive |
Risk Codes | R34 - Causes burns R36/38 - Irritating to eyes and skin. R20/21/22 - Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. |
Safety Description | S26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S36/37/39 - Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection. S45 - In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.) S33 - Take precautionary measures against static discharges. S27 - Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. S16 - Keep away from sources of ignition. |
UN IDs | UN 3264 8/PG 3 |
WGK Germany | 3 |
RTECS | ZG2980000 |
FLUKA BRAND F CODES | 1-8-10 |
TSCA | Yes |
HS Code | 28053090 |
Hazard Class | 8 |
Packing Group | III |
resistivity | 57 ++-cm, 20°C |
EPA chemical substance information | information provided by: ofmpeb.epa.gov (external link) |
Introduction | yttrium is silver-white to dark gray, or black solid or gray powder. Odorless. Elements of group III-B of the periodic table. It is very similar to rare earth metals. Yttrium is commonly found with rare earth elements, although in some respects it is classified as a rare earth element, but it is listed in the periodic table as the first element in the second row of rare earth elements (period 5), belongs to the transition metal. It is the lightest of all rare earth atoms. (Note: yttrium is located in the periodic table above the element lanthanum (group 3), which begins the lanthanide series of rare earths. Yttrium can be dissolved in weak acids, but also dissolved in strong bases such as potassium hydroxide, and will decompose in water. The melting point was 1,522 °c, the boiling point was 5,338 °c and the density was 4.469g/cm3. yttrium and another rare earth element cerium are two rare earth elements with a large content in the Earth's crust, so they were first found in rare earth elements. Norway and Sweden in the northern Scandinavian Peninsula are rich in rare earth minerals, so these two elements were first found in this area. The purity of yttrium produced in industry is generally not less than 93.4%, the main impurities are other rare earth elements, content: 3.8%, calcium 1.6%; Iron 0.05%; Copper 0.1%; tantalum or tungsten 1%. It is also possible to produce yttrium with a purity of not less than 99.8% or more. The main impurities in high purity yttrium are rare earth elements. yttrium is one of the most abundant elements in the rare earth elements, as long as it exists in the Silicon beryllium yttrium ore, the black rare earth ore and the phosphorite, and also exists in the monazite and the fluorine carbon waste ore. Yttrium is also present in nuclear fission products, and all of the yttrium found in nature is the stable isotope yttrium 89. Mainly distributed in China, the United States, Australia, India, Malaysia and Brazil and other countries, of which more than 40% concentrated in China. |
Discovery History | yttrium was discovered in 1794 by the Swedish chemist gardolin. He named after the Swedish town of Ytterby, where a mineral containing yttrium oxide was found. Mosander determined in 1843 that yttrium oxide consists of three oxides. Yttrium is present in all rare earths. It is extracted from monazite sand containing about 3% yttrium. It is also present in small amounts in the slag. The yttrium content in the Earth's crust was estimated to be 33 mg/kg. Metals have been detected in lunar rocks. |
Main use | yttrium metal has a wide range of uses, yttrium aluminum garnet can be used as a laser material, yttrium iron garnet is used for microwave technology and acoustic energy exchange, and Europium doped yttrium vanadate and Europium doped yttrium oxide are used as fluorescent powders for color TV sets. yttrium is a widely used metal, the main uses are: (1) steel and non-ferrous alloy additives. FeCr alloy usually contains 0.5-4% yttrium, which can enhance the oxidation resistance and ductility of these stainless steels, the comprehensive properties of the alloy can be obviously improved, and it can replace part of medium-strength aluminum alloy used in the stressed components of aircraft. The electrical conductivity of the alloy can be improved by adding a small amount of yttrium-rich rare earth into Al-Zr alloy; the alloy has been used by most domestic wire plants; Yttrium is added to the copper alloy to improve electrical conductivity and mechanical strength. (2) silicon nitride ceramic material containing 6% yttrium and 2% aluminum can be used to develop engine components. (3) a Nd: YAG laser beam with a power of 400w is used to machine drilling, cutting and welding of large components. (4) the fluorescent screen of electron microscope composed of Y-Al Garnet single wafer has high fluorescence brightness, low absorption of scattered light, good high temperature resistance and mechanical wear resistance. (5) the high yttrium structure alloy containing up to 90% Yttrium can be applied to aviation and other applications requiring low density and high melting point. (6) Yttrium-doped SrZrO3 high-temperature proton conducting materials, which have attracted much attention, are of great significance for the production of fuel cells, electrolysis cells and gas sensors requiring high Hydrogen solubility. In addition, yttrium is also used as a high temperature resistant spraying material, a diluent for atomic reactor fuel, a permanent magnetic material additive, and a getter in the electronics industry. |
preparation | yttrium is the 27 most abundant elements found on Earth, it is therefore not entirely correct to consider it as "rare"-it is just difficult to extract and extract from all the other similar elements found in its minerals. The quarries near Ytterby in Sweden were analyzed as (Ce,La,Nd,Y)2 FeBe2Si2O10. Most of the yttrium is recovered from monazite Minerals, a dark sandy mixture of the elements [(Ce,La,Th,Nd,Y)PO4], containing about 50% of rare earths, includes about 3% of yttrium. Yttrium is first separated from other rare earths by magnetic and flotation processes, followed by an iron exchange displacement process. Yttrium ions are combined with fluoride ions, which are then reduced by using calcium metal that produces yttrium metal (3Ca 2YF3 → 2Y 3 CaF2). This reduction process produces high-purity yttrium, which can be made into ingots, crystals, sponges, powders and wires. |
category | toxic substances |
toxicity grade | high toxicity |
storage and transportation characteristics | separate from oxidant |
extinguishing agent | non-combustible |
Occupational Standard | TWA 1 mg/m3; Tel 2 mg/m3 |
toxic substance data | information provided by: pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (external link) |
immediate life-threatening and health concentration | 500 mg Y/m3 |